<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Rub fastness testers are designed to carry out a rub fastness test on the surface of leather to determine the amount of ‘marring’ of the leather surface or the finish and to assess the amount of colour transfer from the sample to the rubbing pad.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">The test can be carried out under dry or wet conditions by using a dry rubbing pad — or pre-wetting the rubbing pad in distilled water or a sweat solution prior to testing. The same machine can also be used to assess the abrasion resistance of insole boards. This test is covered by VESLIC - C4500 and IUP 450.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">The testing machines are suitable for a wide range of tests that require a ’to and fro’ movement on a material surface. The rubbing element, number of cycles, load and temperature can be adjusted to suit the test material requirements.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">There are two models: a single (STM 421) and a two-station (STM 705) machine. The latter also has the benefit of having one station heated for ironing tests. This test is used to determine the reaction of the leather surface to the application of heat and pressure particularly when experienced during ‘ironing’ but also when associated with the normal lasting process. Thermoplastic-based finishes are particularly susceptible to damage through ironing. The ironing characteristics of the leather can be influenced by the addition of agents in the finish which help them to achieve a leather surface favourable to ironing. A metal foot is provided with the machine to facilitate the ironing process. This test is covered by VESLIC - C4580.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">The abrasion effect of soling materials on upper materials can also be tested on this equipment. Using a small profiled rubber pad in place of the felt pad, samples can be tested for this effect. Abrasion of the upper by the soling material can be caused in normal wear particularly when wearers cross their legs and the sole of one foot rests on the upper of the other foot. This test is covered by VESLIC - C4505.</span></span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">The ability to pre-tension the test sample is a feature of both models. This is particularly useful when testing stretchy leathers and is a requirement of the abrasion test under C4580.</span></span></span></p>

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<p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">The Bally finish tester is the only equipment approved and promoted by VESLIC.</span></span></span></p>

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<p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Standard application: </span>SATRA TM 173, TM177</strong></span></span></p>

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